Igama Lomkhiqizo: I-Shixia Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cv. Shixia)
Incazelo:
I-Shixia Longan iwuhlobo lwelongan elisezingeni eliphezulu elisuka eSihlahleni saseShixia, eDolobheni laseShishan, eSifundeni saseNanhai, eDolobheni laseFoshan, eSifundazweni saseGuangdong, eChina. Ngokuba iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200 yomlando wokulima, yaziwa njengenye yezinto izinhlobo zama-longan ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo futhi ezitshalwa kabanzi ezingcono kakhulu zokudla izithelo ezintsha eChina, ebhaliswe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwenombolo kazwelonke yokubhaliswa kwezinhlobo zezithelo i-GDPR-FC-001 futhi kubhalwe ku- I-Flora of Chinese Fruit Trees – Umqulu Wezindawo Ezishisayo Nezishisayo. Ngokwamarekhodi e-FAO, i-Shixia itshalwe e-Guangdong cishe iminyaka engu- Iminyaka engu-140 futhi ithathwa njenge- umhlobo ongcono kakhulu wokudliwa eluhlaza, ngokukhiqiza ngokungaguquki izitshalo ezisindayo kuma-panicle amakhulu ngokungajwayelekile. Isifunda sokukhiqiza i-Pingnan Shixia Longan e-Guangxi sanikezwa Indawo Yezolimo Yomkhiqizo Wendawo Kazwelonke isivikelo ngo-2014 (Inombolo Yokugunyazwa: Isimemezelo SoMnyango Wezolimo No. 2105) futhi yaphinde yaqashelwa njenge Umkhiqizo Wendawo Yezwe ngo-2024.
I-Longan Echaza Ikhwalithi Yokudla Okusha:
I-Shixia Longan idume njenge indinganiso yegolide yamalongana adliwayo eluhlaza – uhlobo okulinganiswa ngalo zonke ezinye izinhlobo. Isithelo saso sithandwa kakhulu ngenxa ye i-aril eqinile, ewugqinsi, futhi enoshukela enephunga elimnandi elihlukile kanye nokuphela okumsulwa okuhlaziyayo. Inyama yayo kumhlophe njengobisi futhi kucishe kubonakale, dry-pack (akukho uketshezi olugelezayo) ngakho ijusi ayiconsi uma isithelo sivulwa, futhi ihlukana kalula nembewu. Okuqukethwe okuncibilikayo kufinyelela ku- 21%–26% Brix, kanti ushukela uwonke u 16.8–19.4g nge-100g ngayinye – ubumnandi obudlula kakhulu izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zama-longan. Isithelo siphinde sibe nokugcwala I-Vitamin C (43.6–100mg nge-100g) futhi iqukethe i-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 28.7mg/100g) , inhlanganisela enezici ezingase zithulise futhi zisekele ubuthongo ezibeke iShixia esigabeni esisafufusa sezithelo ezisetshenziswayo.
Ukubukeka:
Isithelo si- cishe iyindilinga kuya kwindilinga eyisicaba enamahlombe aphakanyiswe kancane, alingana ngosayizi futhi amiseke kahle. Isikhumba sakhona phuzi-msundu kuya kumbala oluhlaza ngokukhanyayo, ikakhulukazi elincane futhi eliqinile (0.8–1.1mm ubukhulu), enezimpawu ezinomgogodla ocwebileyo. Isisindo esimaphakathi sesithelo sisukela ku- 7 kuya ku-12 amagremu (10.8–12.5g ezindaweni zokukhiqiza eziphezulu), kanye ne- izinga lokudleka lika-65%–78.6%. Imbewu yakhona sincane futhi siyindilinga, enesisindo esingu- 1.8–2.3 amagremu – cishe u-18% wesisindo sesithelo esiphelele – futhi ihlukana kalula nenyama.
Inani Lokudla Okunomsoco Nokusebenza:
IShixia Longan icebile nge- I-Vitamin C, ushukela ophelele, i-potassium (398mg/100g), kanye ne-polyphenols (186.3mg GAE/100g) . Yayo Okuqukethwe kwe-GABA kuyenza ibe ngesinye sezithelo ezimbalwa ezinempawu ezibhaliwe zokuthulisa. Inyama ye-Shixia longan eyomisiwe (桂圆肉) iyisithako esibalulekile sendabuko yaseShayina, ijiyile futhi inombala ophuzi osagolide, isetshenziswa kakhulu emasobhozini, etiyeni, nasemikhiqizweni yezempilo. Isifunda sokukhiqiza sasePingnan inhlabathi ecebile nge-selenium ukuthuthukisa ngokwengeziwe iphrofayili yezakhamzimba zesithelo, njengoba i-selenium iyiminerali elandelwayo ebalulekile esekela ukusebenza komzimba, ukukhipha ubuthi, kanye nempilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zokuhweba:
Izinga Legolide Lokudla Okusha – I-FAO ibona njengekhultiva elingcono kakhulu lokudliwa okusha
Ushukela Ophezulu Nokunambitheka Okuhlukile – 21%–26% Brix enokunambitheka okumnandi njengoju kanye nephunga eliyingqayizivele
Isikhumba Esincane, Inyama Ewugqinsi, Izinga Eliphezulu Lokudliwa – Kufika ku-78.6% yezinga lokudliwa okunembile ngenhlamvu encane
Ukupakisha Okomile (不流汁) – Ijusi ayiconsi, ilungele ukudayiswa ezimakethe ezintsha nokuthutha
Iqukethe i-GABA eningi – 28.7mg/100g, isithelo esisebenzayo esinezinto zokuthulisa
Indawo Yezwe Yobuchwepheshe – I-Pingnan Shixia Longan evikelwe kusukela ngo-2014
Ikhwalithi Ephezulu Yokucubungula – Inyama eyomisiwe iwugqinsi, iphuzi legolide, futhi ibaluleke kakhulu njengesithako esiqabulayo
I-Selenium-Rich (Pingnan) – Icebile ngokwemvelo nge-selenium, okwengeza isikhundla esiphakeme sempilo
Isivuno Esiphezulu Nokukhiqiza Okuzinzile – Izitshalo ezisindayo, ezijwayelekile ezihlokweni zezimbali ezinkulu ngokungavamile
Izindawo Zokulima:
Idabuka e Isigodi saseShixia, eShishan Town, eSifundeni saseNanhai, eDolobheni laseFoshan, eSifundazweni saseGuangdong, iShixia Longan manje isilinywa kabanzi kulo lonke elaseNingizimu yeChina, kufaka phakathi Guangdong (Maoming, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Huizhou, Zengcheng), IGuangxi (iPingnan, iLingshan, iDaxin – isifunda esiyinhloko sokukhiqiza esinesizinda sokugcina somuthi womama eChina), IFujian (iZhangzhou, iQuanzhou), Yunnan (Honghe, Dehong), futhi eHainan (ezifundeni ezimaphakathi nezisenyakatho) . Isifunda sasePingnan, esitholakala ku-Tropic of Cancer, sinomhlabathi ocebile nge-selenium engama-70% kanye nesimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon esinezinga lokushisa lonyaka elilinganiselwe lika 21.5°C – izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokukhiqiza i-longan yekhwalithi ephezulu enokunambitheka okumnandi kakhulu nokugcwala kwezakhamzimba.
Amanothi Okulima:
Isimo Sezulu: Idinga izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka lika-19–23°C; ubusika obuncane ngaphezu kwe -1°C; imvula yonyaka engu- 1,000–1,600mm
Isiphunzi: Isihlahla se-Wuyuan noma i-longan ye-Dawuyuan kunconywa ukuhambisana okuhle kokuxhunyelelwa kanye nokumelana nengcindezi
Umhlabathi: Umhlabathi ojulile (>60cm), onamanzi agelezayo kahle, i-pH 5.5–6.8; gwema umhlabathi omanzi kakhulu, ubumba olusindayo, noma umhlabathi onosawoti-alkali
Ukuminyana Kokutshala: Ukutshalwa okuminyene okufushane kunconywa (cishe izihlahla eziyi-120 nge-mu) ngokuthena njalo ukuze kugcinwe usayizi wesihlahla olawulekayo futhi kube lula ukuvuna; insimu yezihlahla eziyisishiyagalombili ubudala enokuminyana okuphezulu ingakhiqiza 2,250 kg ngemuva ngamunye
Ukuvundiswa: Umanyolo okhuthaza izimbali (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=15:15:15) ngo-0.5–1.0kg esihlahleni ngasinye ngasekupheleni kukaFebruwari; umanyolo wokuthwala izithelo (12:10:18) ku-0.8–1.2kg isihlahla ngasinye kanye nomanyolo wemvelo ongu-2–3kg ekuqaleni kuya maphakathi noMeyi
Ukunciphisa Izithelo: Gcina izithelo ezingama-20–30 nge-panicle, ususa izithelo ezikhubazekile, ezinesifo, nezigcwele ngokweqile
Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi: Gcina umswakama womhlabathi ku- 60%–70% ngesikhathi sesomiso sasentwasahlobo; qinisekisa ukudonswa kwamanzi ngesikhathi sezulu esinamvula ukuvimbela ukuminza kwezimpande
Izinambuzane Nezifo: Ukumelana okubuthakathaka nesifo se-witches' broom ezihlahleni ezibuthakathaka; qaphela isinambuzane esinukayo selitshi, isibungu sezithelo, kanye nesifo sokubola kwamaqabunga
Ukuphathwa Kwamandla: Isihlahla inamandla amaphakathi futhi inamagatsha aqinile; ifanele ukutshalwa okuminyene; ukubekezelela isomiso kubi kakhulu – ukunisela okungaguquguquki kubalulekile
Isikhathi Sokuvuna:
NgoJulayi wokugcina kuya maphakathi no-Agasti – ngokwehluka kwezifunda: ngoLulayi wokugcina entshonalanga yeGuangdong (Maoming, Zhanjiang), ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti ePearl River Delta, kanye ngemuva kuka-Agasti 10 ezindaweni eziyizintaba ezisenyakatho. I-longan yaphakathi nesizini esezingeni eliphezulu ethi ikhwalithi yokudla okusha esezingeni legolide, ubumnandi obukhethekile, kanye nephunga elimnandi elihlukile – ilungele ukuthengiswa emakethe entsha, ukupakishwa kwezipho eziphezulu, ukuthunyelwa nge-e-commerce, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-longan eyomisiwe. Nge amafa eminyaka engu-200, Isikhombisi Sezwe Somhlaba isimo, kanye Ukuqashelwa yi-FAO njengekhultivari enhle kakhulu yokudla okusha, i-Shixia Longan inokwethenjwa okunamandla kwabathengi kanye nentengo ephakeme ezimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.